pyvene: Causal Interventions for Neural Networks

pyvene is Stanford NLP's library for performing causal interventions on PyTorch models. It provides a declarative, dict-based framework for activation patching, causal tracing, and interchange intervention training - making intervention experiments reproducible and shareable.

GitHub: stanfordnlp/pyvene (840+ stars) Paper: pyvene: A Library for Understanding and Improving PyTorch Models via Interventions (NAACL 2024)

When to Use pyvene

Use pyvene when you need to:

• Perform causal tracing (ROME-style localization)
• Run activation patching experiments
• Conduct interchange intervention training (IIT)
• Test causal hypotheses about model components
• Share/reproduce intervention experiments via HuggingFace
• Work with any PyTorch architecture (not just transformers)

Consider alternatives when:

• You need exploratory activation analysis → Use TransformerLens
• You want to train/analyze SAEs → Use SAELens
• You need remote execution on massive models → Use nnsight
• You want lower-level control → Use nnsight

Installation

pip install pyvene

Standard import:

import pyvene as pv

Core Concepts

IntervenableModel

The main class that wraps any PyTorch model with intervention capabilities:

import pyvene as pv
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer

# Load base model
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("gpt2")
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("gpt2")

# Define intervention configuration
config = pv.IntervenableConfig(
    representations=[
        pv.RepresentationConfig(
            layer=8,
            component="block_output",
            intervention_type=pv.VanillaIntervention,
        )
    ]
)

# Create intervenable model
intervenable = pv.IntervenableModel(config, model)

Intervention Types

Type	Description	Use Case
VanillaIntervention	Swap activations between runs	Activation patching
AdditionIntervention	Add activations to base run	Steering, ablation
SubtractionIntervention	Subtract activations	Ablation
ZeroIntervention	Zero out activations	Component knockout
RotatedSpaceIntervention	DAS trainable intervention	Causal discovery
CollectIntervention	Collect activations	Probing, analysis

Component Targets

# Available components to intervene on
components = [
    "block_input",      # Input to transformer block
    "block_output",     # Output of transformer block
    "mlp_input",        # Input to MLP
    "mlp_output",       # Output of MLP
    "mlp_activation",   # MLP hidden activations
    "attention_input",  # Input to attention
    "attention_output", # Output of attention
    "attention_value_output",  # Attention value vectors
    "query_output",     # Query vectors
    "key_output",       # Key vectors
    "value_output",     # Value vectors
    "head_attention_value_output",  # Per-head values
]

Workflow 1: Causal Tracing (ROME-style)

Locate where factual associations are stored by corrupting inputs and restoring activations.

Step-by-Step

import pyvene as pv
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
import torch

model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("gpt2-xl")
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("gpt2-xl")

# 1. Define clean and corrupted inputs
clean_prompt = "The Space Needle is in downtown"
corrupted_prompt = "The ##### ###### ## ## ########"  # Noise

clean_tokens = tokenizer(clean_prompt, return_tensors="pt")
corrupted_tokens = tokenizer(corrupted_prompt, return_tensors="pt")

# 2. Get clean activations (source)
with torch.no_grad():
    clean_outputs = model(**clean_tokens, output_hidden_states=True)
    clean_states = clean_outputs.hidden_states

# 3. Define restoration intervention
def run_causal_trace(layer, position):
    """Restore clean activation at specific layer and position."""
    config = pv.IntervenableConfig(
        representations=[
            pv.RepresentationConfig(
                layer=layer,
                component="block_output",
                intervention_type=pv.VanillaIntervention,
                unit="pos",
                max_number_of_units=1,
            )
        ]
    )

    intervenable = pv.IntervenableModel(config, model)

    # Run with intervention
    _, patched_outputs = intervenable(
        base=corrupted_tokens,
        sources=[clean_tokens],
        unit_locations={"sources->base": ([[[position]]], [[[position]]])},
        output_original_output=True,
    )

    # Return probability of correct token
    probs = torch.softmax(patched_outputs.logits[0, -1], dim=-1)
    seattle_token = tokenizer.encode(" Seattle")[0]
    return probs[seattle_token].item()

# 4. Sweep over layers and positions
n_layers = model.config.n_layer
seq_len = clean_tokens["input_ids"].shape[1]

results = torch.zeros(n_layers, seq_len)
for layer in range(n_layers):
    for pos in range(seq_len):
        results[layer, pos] = run_causal_trace(layer, pos)

# 5. Visualize (layer x position heatmap)
# High values indicate causal importance

Checklist

• [ ] Prepare clean prompt with target factual association
• [ ] Create corrupted version (noise or counterfactual)
• [ ] Define intervention config for each (layer, position)
• [ ] Run patching sweep
• [ ] Identify causal hotspots in heatmap

Workflow 2: Activation Patching for Circuit Analysis

Test which components are necessary for a specific behavior.

Step-by-Step

import pyvene as pv
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
import torch

model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("gpt2")
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("gpt2")

# IOI task setup
clean_prompt = "When John and Mary went to the store, Mary gave a bottle to"
corrupted_prompt = "When John and Mary went to the store, John gave a bottle to"

clean_tokens = tokenizer(clean_prompt, return_tensors="pt")
corrupted_tokens = tokenizer(corrupted_prompt, return_tensors="pt")

john_token = tokenizer.encode(" John")[0]
mary_token = tokenizer.encode(" Mary")[0]

def logit_diff(logits):
    """IO - S logit difference."""
    return logits[0, -1, john_token] - logits[0, -1, mary_token]

# Patch attention output at each layer
def patch_attention(layer):
    config = pv.IntervenableConfig(
        representations=[
            pv.RepresentationConfig(
                layer=layer,
                component="attention_output",
                intervention_type=pv.VanillaIntervention,
            )
        ]
    )

    intervenable = pv.IntervenableModel(config, model)

    _, patched_outputs = intervenable(
        base=corrupted_tokens,
        sources=[clean_tokens],
    )

    return logit_diff(patched_outputs.logits).item()

# Find which layers matter
results = []
for layer in range(model.config.n_layer):
    diff = patch_attention(layer)
    results.append(diff)
    print(f"Layer {layer}: logit diff = {diff:.3f}")

Workflow 3: Interchange Intervention Training (IIT)

Train interventions to discover causal structure.

Step-by-Step

import pyvene as pv
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM
import torch

model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("gpt2")

# 1. Define trainable intervention
config = pv.IntervenableConfig(
    representations=[
        pv.RepresentationConfig(
            layer=6,
            component="block_output",
            intervention_type=pv.RotatedSpaceIntervention,  # Trainable
            low_rank_dimension=64,  # Learn 64-dim subspace
        )
    ]
)

intervenable = pv.IntervenableModel(config, model)

# 2. Set up training
optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(
    intervenable.get_trainable_parameters(),
    lr=1e-4
)

# 3. Training loop (simplified)
for base_input, source_input, target_output in dataloader:
    optimizer.zero_grad()

    _, outputs = intervenable(
        base=base_input,
        sources=[source_input],
    )

    loss = criterion(outputs.logits, target_output)
    loss.backward()
    optimizer.step()

# 4. Analyze learned intervention
# The rotation matrix reveals causal subspace
rotation = intervenable.interventions["layer.6.block_output"][0].rotate_layer

DAS (Distributed Alignment Search)

# Low-rank rotation finds interpretable subspaces
config = pv.IntervenableConfig(
    representations=[
        pv.RepresentationConfig(
            layer=8,
            component="block_output",
            intervention_type=pv.LowRankRotatedSpaceIntervention,
            low_rank_dimension=1,  # Find 1D causal direction
        )
    ]
)

Workflow 4: Model Steering (Honest LLaMA)

Steer model behavior during generation.

import pyvene as pv
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer

model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-hf")
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-hf")

# Load pre-trained steering intervention
intervenable = pv.IntervenableModel.load(
    "zhengxuanzenwu/intervenable_honest_llama2_chat_7B",
    model=model,
)

# Generate with steering
prompt = "Is the earth flat?"
inputs = tokenizer(prompt, return_tensors="pt")

# Intervention applied during generation
outputs = intervenable.generate(
    inputs,
    max_new_tokens=100,
    do_sample=False,
)

print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))

Saving and Sharing Interventions

# Save locally
intervenable.save("./my_intervention")

# Load from local
intervenable = pv.IntervenableModel.load(
    "./my_intervention",
    model=model,
)

# Share on HuggingFace
intervenable.save_intervention("username/my-intervention")

# Load from HuggingFace
intervenable = pv.IntervenableModel.load(
    "username/my-intervention",
    model=model,
)

Common Issues & Solutions

Issue: Wrong intervention location

# WRONG: Incorrect component name
config = pv.RepresentationConfig(
    component="mlp",  # Not valid!
)

# RIGHT: Use exact component name
config = pv.RepresentationConfig(
    component="mlp_output",  # Valid
)

Issue: Dimension mismatch

# Ensure source and base have compatible shapes
# For position-specific interventions:
config = pv.RepresentationConfig(
    unit="pos",
    max_number_of_units=1,  # Intervene on single position
)

# Specify locations explicitly
intervenable(
    base=base_tokens,
    sources=[source_tokens],
    unit_locations={"sources->base": ([[[5]]], [[[5]]])},  # Position 5
)

Issue: Memory with large models

# Use gradient checkpointing
model.gradient_checkpointing_enable()

# Or intervene on fewer components
config = pv.IntervenableConfig(
    representations=[
        pv.RepresentationConfig(
            layer=8,  # Single layer instead of all
            component="block_output",
        )
    ]
)

Issue: LoRA integration

# pyvene v0.1.8+ supports LoRAs as interventions
config = pv.RepresentationConfig(
    intervention_type=pv.LoRAIntervention,
    low_rank_dimension=16,
)

Key Classes Reference

Class	Purpose
IntervenableModel	Main wrapper for interventions
IntervenableConfig	Configuration container
RepresentationConfig	Single intervention specification
VanillaIntervention	Activation swapping
RotatedSpaceIntervention	Trainable DAS intervention
CollectIntervention	Activation collection

Supported Models

pyvene works with any PyTorch model. Tested on:

• GPT-2 (all sizes)
• LLaMA / LLaMA-2
• Pythia
• Mistral / Mixtral
• OPT
• BLIP (vision-language)
• ESM (protein models)
• Mamba (state space)

Reference Documentation

For detailed API documentation, tutorials, and advanced usage, see the references/ folder:

File	Contents
references/README.md	Overview and quick start guide
references/api.md	Complete API reference for IntervenableModel, intervention types, configurations
references/tutorials.md	Step-by-step tutorials for causal tracing, activation patching, DAS

External Resources

Tutorials

• pyvene 101
• Causal Tracing Tutorial
• IOI Circuit Replication
• DAS Introduction

Papers

• Locating and Editing Factual Associations in GPT - Meng et al. (2022)
• Inference-Time Intervention - Li et al. (2023)
• Interpretability in the Wild - Wang et al. (2022)

Official Documentation

• Official Docs
• API Reference

Comparison with Other Tools

Feature	pyvene	TransformerLens	nnsight
Declarative config	Yes	No	No
HuggingFace sharing	Yes	No	No
Trainable interventions	Yes	Limited	Yes
Any PyTorch model	Yes	Transformers only	Yes
Remote execution	No	No	Yes (NDIF)